Tobacco Having Altered Leaf Properties and Methods of Making and Using

ABSTRACT

This disclosure provides tobacco plants containing a PMT RNAi and tobacco plants having a mutation in PMT, and methods of making and using such plants.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to transgenic or mutant Nicotiana tabacum plants and methods of making and using such plants.

BACKGROUND

Nicotine is an abundant alkaloid (90-95%) present in cultivated tobacco. The remaining alkaloid fraction is primarily comprised of three additional alkaloids: nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine. One of the initial steps in the biosynthesis of nicotine is the conversion of putrescine to N-methylputrescine by putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT).

This disclosure describes methods of modulating the expression and/or activity of PMT to thereby reduce the amount of nicotine in the leaf.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are transgenic tobacco plants comprising a PMT RNAi and tobacco plants having a mutation in the gene encoding PMT, as well as methods of making and using such plants.

In one aspect, a RNA nucleic acid molecule is provided that includes a first nucleic acid between 15 and 500 nucleotides in length and a second nucleic acid between 15 and 500 nucleotides in length. Generally, the first nucleic acid has a region of complementarity to the second nucleic acid, and the first nucleic acid comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.

In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to a portion of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 or 9. In some embodiments, the region of complementarity is at least 19 nucleotides in length, or at least 100 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule further includes a spacer nucleic acid between the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid.

In one aspect, a construct is provided that includes a first RNA nucleic acid molecule having a length of 15 to 500 nucleotides and having at least 95% sequence identity to a nucleic acid shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 or 9. In some embodiments, the construct further includes a second RNA nucleic acid molecule that has complementarity to the first RNA nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the construct further includes a spacer nucleic acid between the first and second RNA nucleic acid molecule.

In one aspect, a method of making a Nicotiana tabacum plant is provided. Such a method typically includes transforming N. tabacum cells with a nucleic acid molecule described herein or a construct described herein to produce transgenic N. tabacum cells; regenerating transgenic N. tabacum plants from the transgenic N. tabacum cells; and selecting at least one transgenic N. tabacum plant that comprises the nucleic acid molecule or the construct. Such a method can further include identifying at least one transgenic N. tabacum plant having reduced amount of nicotine relative to a N. tabacum plant not transformed with the nucleic acid molecule. Such a method can further include identifying at least one transgenic N. tabacum plant that, when material from the at least one transgenic N. tabacum plant is cured, exhibits a reduced amount of at least one TSNA relative to cured material from a N. tabacum plant not transformed with the nucleic acid molecule.

In some embodiments, leaf from the selected transgenic N. tabacum plant exhibits comparable or better quality than leaf from the non-transformed N. tabacum plant. In some embodiments, the N. tabacum plant is a Burley type, a dark type, a flue-cured type, or an Oriental type.

In another aspect, a transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plant is provided that includes a vector. Typically, the vector includes a RNA nucleic acid molecule having a length of 15 to 500 nucleotides and having at least 95% sequence identity to a PMT nucleic acid shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 or 9. Such a transgenic N. tabacum plant typically exhibits reduced amount of nicotine in the leaf relative to leaf from a N. tabacum plant lacking the nucleic acid molecule. Such a transgenic N. tabacum plant, when material from the at least one transgenic N. tabacum plant is cured, typically exhibits a reduced amount of at least one TSNA relative to cured material from a N. tabacum plant lacking the nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, leaf from the transgenic plant exhibits comparable or better quality than leaf from a N. tabacum plant lacking the nucleic acid molecule.

Cured leaf is provided from any of the transgenic N. tabacum plants described herein. A tobacco product also is provided that includes such cured leaf. Representative tobacco products include, without limitation, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco products, tobacco-derived nicotine products, cigarillos, non-ventilated recess filter cigarettes, vented recess filter cigarettes, cigars, snuff, pipe tobacco, cigar tobacco, cigarette tobacco, chewing tobacco, leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, and cut tobacco.

In one aspect, a method of making a Nicotiana tabacum plant is provided. Such a method typically includes inducing mutagenesis in N. tabacum cells to produce mutagenized N. tabacum cells; obtaining one or more N. tabacum plants from the mutagenized N. tabacum cells; and identifying at least one of the N. tabacum plants that comprises a mutated PMT sequence. Such a method can further include identifying at least one of the N. tabacum plants that exhibits reduced amounts of nicotine relative to a N. tabacum plant lacking a mutated PMT. Such a method can further include identifying at least one of the N. tabacum plants that, when material from the at least one plant is cured, exhibits a reduced amount of at least one TSNA relative to cured material from a N. tabacum plant lacking a mutated PMT.

In some embodiments, leaf from the mutant N. tabacum plant exhibits comparable or better quality than leaf from the plant lacking a mutated PMT sequence. In some embodiments, the N. tabacum plant is a Burley type, a dark type, a flue-cured type, or an Oriental type.

In one aspect, a variety of Nicotiana tabacum is provided. Generally, the variety includes plants having a mutation in an endogenous nucleic acid, where the wild type endogenous nucleic acid encodes the PMT sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8 or 10. Typically, leaf from the mutant plants exhibits a reduced amount of nicotine relative to leaf from a plant lacking the mutation. Generally, material from the mutant plants, when cured, exhibits a reduced amount of at least one TSNA relative to cured material from a plant lacking the mutation. In some embodiments, leaf from the mutant N. tabacum plant exhibits comparable or better quality than leaf from the plant lacking a mutated PMT sequence.

In another aspect, cured leaf is provided from any of the N. tabacum varieties described herein. A tobacco product also is provided that includes the cured leaf. In some embodiments, the tobacco product includes, without limitation, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco products, tobacco-derived nicotine products, cigarillos, non-ventilated recess filter cigarettes, vented recess filter cigarettes, cigars, snuff, electronic cigarettes, e-vapor products, pipe tobacco, cigar tobacco, cigarette tobacco, chewing tobacco, leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, and cut tobacco.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the methods and compositions of matter belong. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the methods and compositions of matter, suitable methods and materials are described below. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an alignment of PMT nucleotide sequences.

FIG. 2 is an alignment of PMT polypeptide sequences.

FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the RNAi construct and the cloning vector.

FIG. 4 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of PMT3 (SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively), with highlighting to show representative mutation sites into which a stop codon can be introduced.

FIG. 5 is a schematic showing exemplary TALEN constructs for site-specific mutagenesis of each of the indicated PMT sequences.

FIG. 6 shows graphs of the effect of low alkaloids on leaf quality in flue-cured varieties.

FIG. 7 shows graphs of the effect of low alkaloids on leaf quality in Burley varieties.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the impact of agronomic practices on the percent nicotine reduction in select lines.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the yield and leaf quality in a low nicotine variety and a PMT-RNAi variety.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the impact of agronomic practices on the percent nicotine reduction in selected flue cured lines.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the yield and leaf quality in selected flue cured varieties.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Nicotine biosynthesis begins with the methylation of the polyamine, putrescine, to N-methylputrescine by the enzyme, putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT), using S-adenosylmethionine as the co-factor. This is the first step that commits precursor metabolites to nicotine biosynthesis. See, for example, Mizusaki et al., 1971, Plant Cell Physiol., 12:633-40. PMT enzymes are classified under the enzyme classification system as EC 2.1.1.53. In the tobacco genome, there are known to be five genes that encode putrescine N-methyltransferases, designated PMT1a, PMT1b, PMT2, PMT3, and PMT4.

The present disclosure describes several different approaches that can be used to significantly reduce nicotine levels in tobacco leaf while maintaining leaf quality.

PMT Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides

Nucleic acids encoding PMT1a, PMT1b, PMT2, PMT3 and PMT4 from N. tabacum are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, nucleic acids referred to herein can refer to DNA and RNA, and also can refer to nucleic acids that contain one or more nucleotide analogs or backbone modifications. Nucleic acids can be single stranded or double stranded, and linear or circular, both of which usually depend upon the intended use.

As used herein, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that is free of sequences that naturally flank one or both ends of the nucleic acid in the genome of the organism from which the isolated nucleic acid molecule is derived (e.g., a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion). Such an isolated nucleic acid molecule is generally introduced into a vector (e.g., a cloning vector, or an expression vector) for convenience of manipulation or to generate a fusion nucleic acid molecule, discussed in more detail below. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid molecule can include an engineered nucleic acid molecule such as a recombinant or a synthetic nucleic acid molecule.

The sequence of the PMT1a, PMT1b, PMT2, PMT3 and PMT4 polypeptides from N. tabacum are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively. As used herein, a “purified” polypeptide is a polypeptide that has been separated or purified from cellular components that naturally accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is considered “purified” when it is at least 70% (e.g., at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) by dry weight, free from the polypeptides and naturally occurring molecules with which it is naturally associated. Since a polypeptide that is chemically synthesized is, by nature, separated from the components that naturally accompany it, a synthetic polypeptide is “purified.”

Nucleic acids can be isolated using techniques well known in the art. For example, nucleic acids can be isolated using any method including, without limitation, recombinant nucleic acid technology, and/or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). General PCR techniques are described, for example in PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Dieffenbach & Dveksler, Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995. Recombinant nucleic acid techniques include, for example, restriction enzyme digestion and ligation, which can be used to isolate a nucleic acid. Isolated nucleic acids also can be chemically synthesized, either as a single nucleic acid molecule or as a series of oligonucleotides.

Polypeptides can be purified from natural sources (e.g., a biological sample) by known methods such as DEAE ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. A polypeptide also can be purified, for example, by expressing a nucleic acid in an expression vector. In addition, a purified polypeptide can be obtained by chemical synthesis. The extent of purity of a polypeptide can be measured using any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis.

Nucleic acids can be detected using any number of amplification techniques (see, e.g., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, 1995, Dieffenbach & Dveksler, Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195; 4,683,202; 4,800,159; and 4,965,188) with an appropriate pair of oligonucleotides (e.g., primers). A number of modifications to the original PCR have been developed and can be used to detect a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids also can be detected using hybridization.

Polypeptides can be detected using antibodies. Techniques for detecting polypeptides using antibodies include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence. An antibody can be polyclonal or monoclonal. An antibody having specific binding affinity for a polypeptide can be generated using methods well known in the art. The antibody can be attached to a solid support such as a microtiter plate using methods known in the art. In the presence of a polypeptide, an antibody-polypeptide complex is formed.

Detection (e.g., of an amplification product, a hybridization complex, or a polypeptide) is oftentimes accomplished using detectable labels. The term “label” is intended to encompass the use of direct labels as well as indirect labels. Detectable labels include enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials.

A construct, sometimes referred to as a vector, containing a nucleic acid (e.g., a coding sequence or a RNAi nucleic acid molecule) is provided. Constructs, including expression constructs (or expression vectors), are commercially available or can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques routine in the art. A construct containing a nucleic acid can have expression elements operably linked to such a nucleic acid, and further can include sequences such as those encoding a selectable marker (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene). A construct can encode a chimeric or fusion polypeptide (i.e., a first polypeptide operatively linked to a second polypeptide). Representative first (or second) polypeptides are those that can be used in purification of the other (i.e., second (or first), respectively) polypeptide including, without limitation, 6×His tag or glutathione S-transferase (GST).

Expression elements include nucleic acid sequences that direct and regulate expression of nucleic acid coding sequences. One example of an expression element is a promoter sequence. Expression elements also can include introns, enhancer sequences, response elements, or inducible elements that modulate expression of a nucleic acid.

Expression elements can be of bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian, or viral origin, and vectors can contain a combination of elements from different origins. As used herein, operably linked means that a promoter or other expression element(s) are positioned in a vector relative to a nucleic acid in such a way as to direct or regulate expression of the nucleic acid (e.g., in-frame).

Constructs as described herein can be introduced into a host cell. Many methods for introducing nucleic acids into host cells, both in vivo and in vitro, are well known to those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) transformation, heat shock, lipofection, microinjection, and viral-mediated nucleic acid transfer. As used herein, “host cell” refers to the particular cell into which the nucleic acid is introduced and also includes the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, nucleic acids can be introduced into bacterial cells such as E. coli, or into insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.

RNA Interfering Nucleic Acids and Constructs Containing Same

RNA interference (RNAi), also called post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Without being bound by theory, it appears that, in the presence of an antisense RNA molecule that is complementary to an expressed message (i.e., a mRNA), the two strands anneal to generate long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is digested into short (<30 nucleotide) RNA duplexes, known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), by an enzyme known as Dicer. A complex of proteins known as the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) then unwinds siRNAs, and uses one strand to identify and thereby anneal to other copies of the original mRNA. RISC cleaves the mRNA within the complementary sequence, leaving the mRNA susceptible to further degradation by exonucleases, which effectively silences expression of the encoding gene.

Several methods have been developed that take advantage of the endogenous machinery to suppress the expression of a specific target gene and a number of companies offer RNAi design and synthesis services (e.g., Life Technologies, Applied Biosystems). In transgenic plants, the use of RNAi can involve the introduction of long dsRNA (e.g., greater than 50 bps) or siRNAs (e.g., 12 to 23 bps) that have complementarity to the target gene, both of which are processed by the endogenous machinery. Alternatively, the use of RNAi can involve the introduction of a small hairpin RNA (shRNA); shRNA is a nucleic acid that includes the sequence of the two desired siRNA strands, sense and antisense, on a single strand, connected by a “loop” or “spacer” nucleic acid. When the shRNA is transcribed, the two complementary portions anneal intra-molecularly to form a “hairpin,” which is recognized and processed by the endogenous machinery.

A RNAi nucleic acid molecule as described herein is complementary to at least a portion of a target mRNA (i.e., a PMT mRNA), and typically is referred to as an “antisense strand”. Typically, the antisense strand includes at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the DNA sequence (e.g., the PMT nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 or 9); it would be appreciated that the antisense strand has the “RNA equivalent” sequence of the DNA (e.g., uracils instead of thymines; ribose sugars instead of deoxyribose sugars).

A RNAi nucleic acid molecule can be, for example, 15 to 500 nucleotides in length (e.g., 15 to 50, 15 to 45, 15 to 30, 16 to 47, 16 to 38, 16 to 29, 17 to 53, 17 to 44, 17 to 38, 18 to 36, 19 to 49, 20 to 60, 20 to 40, 25 to 75, 25 to 100, 28 to 85, 30 to 90, 15 to 100, 15 to 300, 15 to 450, 16 to 70, 16 to 150, 16 to 275, 17 to 74, 17 to 162, 17 to 305, 18 to 60, 18 to 75, 18 to 250, 18 to 400, 20 to 35, 20 to 60, 20 to 80, 20 to 175, 20 to 225, 20 to 325, 20 to 400, 20 to 475, 25 to 45, 25 to 65, 25 to 100, 25 to 200, 25 to 250, 25 to 300, 25 to 350, 25 to 400, 25 to 450, 30 to 280, 35 to 250, 200 to 500, 200 to 400, 250 to 450, 250 to 350, or 300 to 400 nucleotides in length).

In some embodiments, the antisense strand (e.g., a first nucleic acid) can be accompanied by a “sense strand” (e.g., a second nucleic acid), which is complementary to the antisense strand. In the latter case, each nucleic acid (e.g., each of the sense and antisense strands) can be between 15 and 500 nucleotides in length (e.g., between 15 to 50, 15 to 45, 15 to 30, 16 to 47, 16 to 38, 16 to 29, 17 to 53, 17 to 44, 17 to 38, 18 to 36, 19 to 49, 20 to 60, 20 to 40, 25 to 75, 25 to 100, 28 to 85, 30 to 90, 15 to 100, 15 to 300, 15 to 450, 16 to 70, 16 to 150, 16 to 275, 17 to 74, 17 to 162, 17 to 305, 18 to 60, 18 to 75, 18 to 250, 18 to 400, 20 to 35, 20 to 60, 20 to 80, 20 to 175, 20 to 225, 20 to 325, 20 to 400, 20 to 475, 25 to 45, 25 to 65, 25 to 100, 25 to 200, 25 to 250, 25 to 300, 25 to 350, 25 to 400, 25 to 450, 30 to 280, 35 to 250, 200 to 500, 200 to 400, 250 to 450, 250 to 350, or 300 to 400 nucleotides in length).

In some embodiments, a spacer nucleic acid, sometimes referred to as a loop nucleic acid, can be positioned between the sense strand and the antisense strand. In some embodiments, the spacer nucleic acid can be an intron (see, for example, Wesley et al., 2001, The Plant J., 27:581-90). In some embodiments, although not required, the intron can be functional (i.e., in sense orientation; i.e., spliceable) (see, for example, Smith et al., 2000, Nature, 407:319-20). A spacer nucleic acid can be between 20 nucleotides and 1000 nucleotides in length (e.g., 25-800, 25-600, 25-400, 50-750, 50-500, 50-250, 100-700, 100-500, 100-300, 250-700, 300-600, 400-700, 500-800, 600-850, or 700-1000 nucleotides in length).

In some embodiments, a construct can be produced by operably linking a promoter that is operable in plant cells; a DNA region, that, when transcribed, produces an RNA molecule capable of forming a hairpin structure; and a DNA region involved in transcription termination and polyadenylation. It would be appreciated that the hairpin structure has two annealing RNA sequences, where one of the annealing RNA sequences of the hairpin RNA structure includes a sense sequence identical to at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of a PMT nucleotide sequence, and where the second of the annealing RNA sequences includes an antisense sequence that is identical to at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of the complement of the PMT nucleotide sequence. In addition, as indicated herein, the DNA region can include an intron (e.g., a functional intron). When present, the intron generally is located between the two annealing RNA sequences in sense orientation such that it is spliced out by the cellular machinery (e.g., the splicesome). Such a construct can be introduced into one or more plant cells to reduce the phenotypic expression of a PMT nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence that is normally expressed in a plant cell).

In some embodiments, a construct (e.g., an expression construct) can include an inverted-duplication of a segment of a PMT gene, where the inverted-duplication of the PMT gene segment includes a nucleotide sequence substantially identical to at least a portion of the PMT gene and the complement of the portion of the PMT gene. It would be appreciated that a single promoter can be used to drive expression of the inverted-duplication of the PMT gene segment, and that the inverted-duplication typically contains at least one copy of the portion of the PMT gene in the sense orientation. Such a construct can be introduced into one or more plant cells to delay, inhibit or otherwise reduce the expression of a PMT gene in the plant cells.

The components of a representative RNAi nucleic acid molecule directed toward PMT3 are shown below. As indicated, SEQ ID NO:11 is a sense strand to PMT3; SEQ ID NO:12 is an antisense strand to PMT3; and SEQ ID NO:13 is a spacer or loop sequence.

It would be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the region of complementarity, between the antisense strand of the RNAi and the mRNA or between the antisense strand of the RNAi and the sense strand of the RNAi, can be over the entire length of the RNAi nucleic acid molecule, or the region of complementarity can be less than the entire length of the RNAi nucleic acid molecule. For example, a region of complementarity can refer to, for example, at least 15 nucleotides in length up to, for example, 500 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 30, 35, 49, 50, 60, 75, 80, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250, 300, 320, 385, 420, 435 nucleotides in length up to, e.g., 30, 35, 36, 40, 45, 49, 50, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 175, 200, 225, 250, 280, 300, 325, 350, 400, 450, or 475 nucleotides in length). In some embodiments, a region of complementarity can refer to, for example, at least 15 contiguous nucleotides in length up to, for example, 500 contiguous nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 30, 35, 49, 50, 60, 75, 80, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250, 300, 320, 385, 420, 435 nucleotides in length up to, e.g., 30, 35, 36, 40, 45, 49, 50, 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 175, 200, 225, 250, 280, 300, 325, 350, 400, 450, or 475 contiguous nucleotides in length).

It would be appreciated by the skilled artisan that complementary can refer to, for example, 100% sequence identity between the two nucleic acids. In addition, however, it also would be appreciated by the skilled artisan that complementary can refer to, for example, slightly less than 100% sequence identity (e.g., at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity). In calculating percent sequence identity, two nucleic acids are aligned and the number of identical matches of nucleotides (or amino acid residues) between the two nucleic acids (or polypeptides) is determined. The number of identical matches is divided by the length of the aligned region (i.e., the number of aligned nucleotides (or amino acid residues)) and multiplied by 100 to arrive at a percent sequence identity value. It will be appreciated that the length of the aligned region can be a portion of one or both nucleic acids up to the full-length size of the shortest nucleic acid. It also will be appreciated that a single nucleic acid can align with more than one other nucleic acid and hence, can have different percent sequence identity values over each aligned region.

The alignment of two or more nucleic acids to determine percent sequence identity can be performed using the computer program ClustalW and default parameters, which allows alignments of nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to be carried out across their entire length (global alignment). Chenna et al., 2003, Nucleic Acids Res., 31(13):3497-500. ClustalW calculates the best match between a query and one or more subject sequences (nucleic acid or polypeptide), and aligns them so that identities, similarities and differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can be inserted into a query sequence, a subject sequence, or both, to maximize sequence alignments. For fast pairwise alignment of nucleic acid sequences, the default parameters can be used (i.e., word size: 2; window size: 4; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 4; and gap penalty: 5); for an alignment of multiple nucleic acid sequences, the following parameters can be used: gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes. For fast pairwise alignment of polypeptide sequences, the following parameters can be used: word size: 1; window size: 5; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 5; and gap penalty: 3. For multiple alignment of polypeptide sequences, the following parameters can be used: weight matrix: blosum; gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 0.05; hydrophilic gaps: on; hydrophilic residues: Gly, Pro, Ser, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Arg, and Lys; and residue-specific gap penalties: on. ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of Medicine Search Launcher website or at the European Bioinformatics Institute website on the World Wide Web.

The skilled artisan also would appreciate that complementary can be dependent upon, for example, the conditions under which two nucleic acids hybridize. Hybridization between nucleic acids is discussed in detail in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Sections 7.37-7.57, 9.47-9.57, 11.7-11.8, and 11.45-11.57). Sambrook et al. disclose suitable Southern blot conditions for oligonucleotide probes less than about 100 nucleotides (Sections 11.45-11.46). The Tm between a nucleic acid that is less than 100 nucleotides in length and a second nucleic acid can be calculated using the formula provided in Section 11.46. Sambrook et al. additionally disclose Southern blot conditions for oligonucleotide probes greater than about 100 nucleotides (see Sections 9.47-9.54). The Tm between a nucleic acid greater than 100 nucleotides in length and a second nucleic acid can be calculated using the formula provided in Sections 9.50-9.51 of Sambrook et al.

The conditions under which membranes containing nucleic acids are prehybridized and hybridized, as well as the conditions under which membranes containing nucleic acids are washed to remove excess and non-specifically bound probe, can play a significant role in the stringency of the hybridization. Such hybridizations and washes can be performed, where appropriate, under moderate or high stringency conditions. For example, washing conditions can be made more stringent by decreasing the salt concentration in the wash solutions and/or by increasing the temperature at which the washes are performed. Simply by way of example, high stringency conditions typically include a wash of the membranes in 0.2×SSC at 65° C.

In addition, interpreting the amount of hybridization can be affected, for example, by the specific activity of the labeled oligonucleotide probe, by the number of probe-binding sites on the template nucleic acid to which the probe has hybridized, and by the amount of exposure of an autoradiograph or other detection medium. It will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that although any number of hybridization and washing conditions can be used to examine hybridization of a probe nucleic acid molecule to immobilized target nucleic acids, it is more important to examine hybridization of a probe to target nucleic acids under identical hybridization, washing, and exposure conditions. Preferably, the target nucleic acids are on the same membrane. A nucleic acid molecule is deemed to hybridize to a nucleic acid, but not to another nucleic acid, if hybridization to a nucleic acid is at least 5-fold (e.g., at least 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold) greater than hybridization to another nucleic acid. The amount of hybridization can be quantified directly on a membrane or from an autoradiograph using, for example, a Phosphorlmager or a Densitometer (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

A construct (also known as a vector) containing a RNAi nucleic acid molecule is provided. Constructs, including expression constructs, are described herein and are known to those of skill in the art. Expression elements (e.g., promoters) that can be used to drive expression of a RNAi nucleic acid molecule are known in the art and include, without limitation, constitutive promoters such as, without limitation, the cassava mosaic virus (CsMVM) promoter, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, the actin promoter, or the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter, or tissue-specific promoters such as, without limitation, root-specific promoters such as the putrescine N-methyl transferase (PMT) promoter or the quinolinate phosphosibosyltransferase (QPT) promoter. It would be understood by a skilled artisan that a sense strand and an antisense strand can be delivered to and expressed in a target cell on separate constructs, or the sense and antisense strands can be delivered to and expressed in a target cell on a single construct (e.g., in one transcript). As discussed herein, a RNAi nucleic acid molecule delivered and expressed on a single strand also can include a spacer nucleic acid (e.g., a loop nucleic acid) such that the RNAi forms a small hairpin (shRNA).

Transgenic Plants and Methods of Making Transgenic Plants

Transgenic N. tabacum plants are provided that contain a transgene encoding at least one RNAi molecule, which, when transcribed, silences PMT expression. As used herein, silencing can refer to complete elimination or essentially complete elimination of the PMT mRNA, resulting in 100% or essentially 100% reduction (e.g., greater than 95% reduction; e.g., greater than 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% reduction) in the amount of PMT polypeptide; silencing also can refer to partial elimination of the PMT mRNA (e.g., eliminating about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or more of the PMT mRNA), resulting in a reduction (e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or more, but not complete elimination) in the amount of the PMT polypeptide.

A RNAi nucleic acid molecule can be transcribed using a plant expression vector. Methods of introducing a nucleic acid (e.g., a heterologous nucleic acid) into plant cells (e.g., N. tabacum cells) are known in the art and include, for example, particle bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, microinjection, polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation (e.g., of protoplasts, see, for example, Yoo et al. (2007, Nature Protocols, 2(7):1565-72)), liposome-mediated DNA uptake, or electroporation.

Following transformation, the transgenic plant cells can be regenerated into transgenic tobacco plants. The regenerated transgenic plants can be screened for the presence of the transgene (e.g., a RNAi nucleic acid molecule) and/or one or more of the resulting phenotypes (e.g., reduced amount of PMT mRNA or PMT polypeptide, reduced activity of a PMT polypeptide, reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine (e.g., N-methylputrescien, N-methylΔ-pyrolinium), reduced amount of nicotine, and/or reduced amount of one or more TSNAs (in cured tobacco)) using methods described herein, and plants exhibiting the desired phenotype can be selected.

Methods of detecting alkaloids (e.g., N-methylputrescine, nicotine) or TSNAs, and methods of determining the amount of one or more alkaloids or TSNAs are known in the art. For example, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) (HPLC-MS) or high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) can be used to detect the presence of one or more alkaloids and/or determine the amount of one or more alkaloids. In addition, any number of chromatography methods (e.g., gas chromatography/thermal energy analysis (GC/TEA), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and ion chromatography (IC)) can be used to detect the presence of one or more TSNAs and/or determine the amount of one or more TSNAs.

As used herein, “reduced” or “reduction” refers to a decrease (e.g., a statistically significant decrease), in green leaf or cured leaf, of/in one or more of the following: a) the amount of PMT mRNA; b) the amount of PMT polypeptide; c) the activity of the PMT polypeptide; d) the amount of N-methylputrescine; e) the amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine; and/or f) the amount of nicotine. In addition, “reduced” or “reduction” refers to a decrease (e.g., a statistically significant decrease), in cured leaf, in the amount of one or more tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; e.g., N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanal (NNAL)). As used herein, “reduced” or “reduction” refers to a decrease in any of the above by at least about 5% up to about 95% (e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 75%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 75%, about 50% to about 75%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 95%, and about 75% to about 95%) relative to similarly-treated leaf (e.g., green or cured) from a tobacco plant lacking the transgene. As used herein, statistical significance refers to a p-value of less than 0.05, e.g., a p-value of less than 0.025 or a p-value of less than 0.01, using an appropriate measure of statistical significance, e.g., a one-tailed two sample t-test.

Leaf from progeny plants also can be screened for the presence of the transgene and/or the resulting phenotype, and plants exhibiting the desired phenotype can be selected. As described herein, leaf from such transgenic plants exhibit a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, a reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, a reduced amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, a reduced amount of one or more TSNAs (e.g., compared to leaf from a plant lacking or not transcribing the RNAi). As described herein, transcription of the transgene results in leaf that exhibits a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, a reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, a reduced amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, a reduced amount of one or more TSNAs relative to leaf from a plant not transcribing the transgene. Leaf from regenerated transgenic plants can be screened for the amount of N-methylputrescine, the amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, the amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, the amount of one or more TSNAs, and plants having leaf that exhibit a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, a reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, a reduced amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, a reduced amount of TSNAs, compared to the amount in a leaf from a corresponding non-transgenic plant, can be selected.

Transgenic plants exhibiting the desired phenotype can be used, for example, in a breeding program. Breeding is carried out using known procedures. Successful crosses yield F₁ plants that are fertile and that can be backcrossed with one of the parents if desired. In some embodiments, a plant population in the F₂ generation is screened for the presence of a transgene and/or the resulting phenotype using standard methods (e.g., amplification, hybridization and/or chemical analysis of the leaf). Selected plants are then crossed with one of the parents and the first backcross (BC₁) generation plants are self-pollinated to produce a BC₁F₂ population that is again screened. The process of backcrossing, self-pollination, and screening is repeated, for example, at least four times until the final screening produces a plant that is fertile and reasonably similar to the recurrent parent. This plant, if desired, is self-pollinated and the progeny are subsequently screened again to confirm that the plant contains the transgene and exhibits variant gene expression. Breeder's seed of the selected plant can be produced using standard methods including, for example, field testing and/or chemical analyses of leaf (e.g., cured leaf).

The result of a plant breeding program using the transgenic tobacco plants described herein are novel and useful varieties, lines, and hybrids. As used herein, the term “variety” refers to a population of plants that share constant characteristics which separate them from other plants of the same species. A variety is often, although not always, sold commercially. While possessing one or more distinctive traits, a variety is further characterized by a very small overall variation between individual with that variety. A “pure line” variety may be created by several generations of self-pollination and selection, or vegetative propagation from a single parent using tissue or cell culture techniques. A “line,” as distinguished from a variety, most often denotes a group of plants used non-commercially, for example, in plant research. A line typically displays little overall variation between individuals for one or more traits of interest, although there may be some variation between individuals for other traits.

A variety can be essentially derived from another line or variety. As defined by the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (Dec. 2, 1961, as revised at Geneva on Nov. 10, 1972, On Oct. 23, 1978, and on Mar. 19, 1991), a variety is “essentially derived” from an initial variety if: a) it is predominantly derived from the initial variety, or from a variety that is predominantly derived from the initial variety, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety; b) it is clearly distinguishable from the initial variety; and c) except for the differences which result from the act of derivation, it conforms to the initial variety in the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety. Essentially derived varieties can be obtained, for example, by the selection of a natural or induced mutant, a somaclonal variant, a variant individual plant from the initial variety, backcrossing, or transformation.

Hybrid tobacco varieties can be produced by preventing self-pollination of female parent plants (i.e., seed parents) of a first variety, permitting pollen from male parent plants of a second variety to fertilize the female parent plants, and allowing F₁ hybrid seeds to form on the female plants. Self-pollination of female plants can be prevented by emasculating the flowers at an early stage of flower development. Alternatively, pollen formation can be prevented on the female parent plants using a form of male sterility. For example, male sterility can be produced by cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear male sterility, genetic male sterility, molecular male sterility where a transgene inhibits microsporogenesis and/or pollen formation, or self-incompatibility. Female parent plants having CMS are particularly useful. In embodiments in which the female parent plants are CMS, the male parent plants typically contain a fertility restorer gene to ensure that the F₁ hybrids are fertile. In other embodiments in which the female parents are CMS, male parents can be used that do not contain a fertility restorer. F₁ hybrids produced from such parents are male sterile. Male sterile hybrid seed can be interplanted with male fertile seed to provide pollen for seed-set on the resulting male sterile plants.

Varieties and lines described herein can be used to form single-cross tobacco F₁ hybrids. In such embodiments, the plants of the parent varieties can be grown as substantially homogeneous adjoining populations to facilitate natural cross-pollination from the male parent plants to the female parent plants. The F₂ seed formed on the female parent plants is selectively harvested by conventional means. One also can grow the two parent plant varieties in bulk and harvest a blend of F₁ hybrid seed formed on the female parent and seed formed upon the male parent as the result of self-pollination. Alternatively, three-way crosses can be carried out wherein a single-cross F₁ hybrid is used as a female parent and is crossed with a different male parent. As another alternative, double-cross hybrids can be created wherein the F₁ progeny of two different single-crosses are themselves crossed. Self-incompatibility can be used to particular advantage to prevent self-pollination of female parents when forming a double-cross hybrid.

The tobacco plants used in the methods described herein can be a Burley type, a dark type, a flue-cured type, or an Oriental type. The tobacco plants used in the methods described herein typically are from N. tabacum, and can be from any number of N. tabacum varieties. A variety can be BU 64, CC 101, CC 200, CC 13, CC 27, CC 33, CC 35, CC 37, CC 65, CC 67, CC 301, CC 400, CC 500, CC 600, CC 700, CC 800, CC 900, CC 1063, Coker 176, Coker 319, Coker 371 Gold, Coker 48, CU 263, DF911, Galpao tobacco, GL 26H, GL 338, GL 350, GL 395, GL 600, GL 737, GL 939, GL 973, GF 157, GF 318, RJR 901, HB 04P, K 149, K 326, K 346, K 358, K394, K 399, K 730, NC 196, NC 37NF, NC 471, NC 55, NC 92, NC2326, NC 95, NC 925, PVH 1118, PVH 1452, PVH 2110, PVH 2254, PVH 2275, VA 116, VA 119, KDH 959, KT 200, KT204LC, KY 10, KY 14, KY 160, KY 17, KY 171, KY 907, KY907LC, KTY14×L8 LC, Little Crittenden, McNair 373, McNair 944, msKY 14×L8, Narrow Leaf Madole, NC 100, NC 102, NC 2000, NC 291, NC 297, NC 299, NC 3, NC 4, NC 5, NC 6, NC7, NC 606, NC 71, NC 72, NC 810, NC BH 129, NC 2002, Neal Smith Madole, OXFORD 207, Perique tobacco, PVH03, PVH09, PVH19, PVH50, PVH51, R 610, R 630, R 7-11, R 7-12, RG 17, RG 81, RG H51, RGH 4, RGH 51, RS 1410, Speight 168, Speight 172, Speight 179, Speight 210, Speight 220, Speight 225, Speight 227, Speight 234, Speight G-28, Speight G-70, Speight H-6, Speight H20, Speight NF3, TI 1406, TI 1269, TN 86, TN86LC, TN 90, TN90LC, TN 97, TN97LC, TN D94, TN D950, TR (Tom Rosson) Madole, VA 309, or VA359.

Mutant Plants and Methods of Making

Methods of making a N. tabacum plant having a mutation are known in the art. Mutations can be random mutations or targeted mutations. For random mutagenesis, cells (e.g., N. tabacum cells) typically are mutagenized using, for example, a chemical mutagen or ionizing radiation. Representative chemical mutagens include, without limitation, nitrous acid, sodium azide, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), while representative ionizing radiation includes, without limitation, x-rays, gamma rays, fast neutron irradiation, and UV irradiation. The dosage of the mutagenic chemical or radiation is determined experimentally for each type of plant tissue such that a mutation frequency is obtained that is below a threshold level characterized by lethality or reproductive sterility. The number of M₁ generation seed or the size of M₁ plant populations resulting from the mutagenic treatments are estimated based on the expected frequency of mutations. For targeted mutagenesis, representative technologies include TALEN (see, for example, Li et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res., 39(14):6315-25) or zinc-finger (see, for example, Wright et al., 2005, The Plant J., 44:693-705). Whether random or targeted, a mutation can be a point mutation, an insertion, a deletion, a substitution, or combinations thereof, which are discussed in more detail below.

The resultant variety of Nicotiana tabacum includes plants having a mutation in an endogenous PMT nucleic acid (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9) encoding a PMT polypeptide sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10). A mutation in PMT as described herein typically results in reduced expression or activity of PMT, which, in turn, results in a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, a reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, a reduced amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, a reduced amount of one or more TSNAs in the mutant plant relative to a plant lacking the mutation.

Conserved domains in polypeptides can be important for polypeptide function as well as cellular or subcellular location. FIG. 1 shows an alignment of PMT nucleic acid sequences, and FIG. 2 shows an alignment of PMT polypeptide sequences; in the polypeptide sequences shown in FIG. 2, the methyltransferase domains are indicated by a box from amino acid position 211 to amino acid position 320.

As discussed herein, one or more nucleotides can be mutated to alter the expression and/or function of the encoded polypeptide, relative to the expression and/or function of the corresponding wild type polypeptide. It will be appreciated, for example, that a mutation in one or more of the highly conserved regions (see, for example, the alignment shown in FIG. 2) would likely alter polypeptide function, while a mutation outside of those highly conserved regions would likely have little to no effect on polypeptide function. In addition, a mutation in a single nucleotide can create a stop codon, which would result in a truncated polypeptide and, depending on the extent of truncation, loss of function.

Preferably, a mutation in a PMT nucleic acid results in a tobacco plant that exhibits reduced expression or activity of PMT, a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine, a reduced amount of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, a reduced amount of nicotine, or, in cured tobacco, a reduced amount of one or more TSNAs. Suitable types of mutations in a PMT coding sequence include, without limitation, insertions of nucleotides, deletions of nucleotides, or transitions or transversions in the wild-type PMT coding sequence. Mutations in the coding sequence can result in insertions of one or more amino acids, deletions of one or more amino acids, and/or conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions in the encoded polypeptide. In some cases, the coding sequence of a PMT comprises more than one mutation and/or more than one type of mutation.

Insertion or deletion of amino acids in a coding sequence, for example, can disrupt the conformation of the encoded polypeptide. Amino acid insertions or deletions also can disrupt sites important for recognition of binding ligand(s) or substrate(s) (e.g., putrescine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine) or for activity of the polypeptide (i.e., methyltransferase actvity). It is known in the art that the insertion or deletion of a larger number of contiguous amino acids is more likely to render the gene product non-functional, compared to a smaller number of inserted or deleted amino acids. In addition, one or more mutations (e.g., a point mutation) can change the localization of the PMT polypeptide, introduce a stop codon to produce a truncated polypeptide, or disrupt an active site or domain (e.g., a catalytic site or domain, a binding site or domain) within the polypeptide.

A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which one amino acid residue is replaced with a different amino acid residue having a similar side chain (see, for example, Dayhoff et al. (1978, in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 5(Suppl. 3):345-352), which provides frequency tables for amino acid substitutions), and a non-conservative substitution is one in which an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue that does not have a similar side chain. Non-conservative amino acid substitutions can replace an amino acid of one class with an amino acid of a different class. Non-conservative substitutions can make a substantial change in the charge or hydrophobicity of the gene product. Non-conservative amino acid substitutions can also make a substantial change in the bulk of the residue side chain, e.g., substituting an alanine residue for an isoleucine residue. Examples of non-conservative substitutions include a basic amino acid for a non-polar amino acid, or a polar amino acid for an acidic amino acid.

Simply by way of example, a PMT3 amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:8) can be mutated to change phenylalanine to leucine, which may disrupt secondary structure. In addition, a PMT nucleic acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:7) can be mutated to change TGG to TAG or TGA at nucleotide positions 281, 282, 305, 306, 857, 858, 931 or 932; CAG to TAG at nucleotide positions 73, 106, 139, 172, 193, 205, 244, 349, or 841; or CAA to TAA at nucleotide positions 94, 160, 367, 430, 712, 880, 901, or 1045, each of which would result in a stop codon (see, for example, FIG. 4). Such a mutation would significantly reduce or essentially eliminate the amount of PMT mRNA or polypeptide or the activity of PMT in the plant. Similar mutations can be introduced into any of the other PMT sequences disclosed herein (e.g., PMT1a, PMT1b, PMT2, or PMT4).

Following mutagenesis, M₀ plants are regenerated from the mutagenized cells and those plants, or a subsequent generation of that population (e.g., M₁, M₂, M₃, etc.), can be screened for those carrying a mutation in a PMT sequence. Screening for plants carrying a mutation in a PMT nucleic acid or polypeptide can be performed directly using methods routine in the art (e.g., hybridization, amplification, nucleic acid sequencing, peptide sequencing, combinations thereof) or by evaluating the phenotype (e.g., reduced expression or activity of PMT, reduced amounts of N-methylputrescine, reduced amounts of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, reduced amounts of nicotine, and/or reduced amounts of one or more TSNAs (in cured tobacco)). It would be understood that the phenotype of a mutant plant (e.g., reduced expression or activity of PMT, reduced amounts of N-methylputrescine, reduced amounts of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, reduced amounts of nicotine, and/or reduced amounts of one or more TSNAs (in cured tobacco)) would be compared to a corresponding plant (e.g., having the same varietal background) that lacks the mutation.

An M₁ tobacco plant may be heterozygous for a mutant allele and exhibit a wild type phenotype. In such cases, at least a portion of the first generation of self-pollinated progeny of such a plant exhibits a wild type phenotype. Alternatively, an M₁ tobacco plant may have a mutant allele and exhibit a mutant phenotype (e.g., reduced expression or activity of PMT, reduced amounts of N-methylputrescine, reduced amounts of one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, reduced amounts of nicotine, and/or reduced amounts of one or more TSNAs (in cured tobacco)). Such plants may be heterozygous and exhibit a mutant phenotype due to a phenomenon such as dominant negative suppression, despite the presence of the wild type allele, or such plants may be homozygous due to independently induced mutations in both alleles.

As used herein, “reduced” or “reduction” refers to a decrease (e.g., a statistically significant decrease) in the expression or activity of PMT, or in the amount of N-methylputrescine, one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, or nicotine, in either green or cured tobacco, or in the amount of one or more TSNAs, in cured tobacco, by at least about 5% up to about 95% (e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 75%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 75%, about 50% to about 75%, about 50% to about 85%, about 50% to about 95%, and about 75% to about 95%) relative to similarly-treated leaf (e.g., green or cured) from a tobacco plant lacking the mutation. As used herein, statistical significance refers to a p-value of less than 0.05, e.g., a p-value of less than 0.025 or a p-value of less than 0.01, using an appropriate measure of statistical significance, e.g., a one-tailed two sample t-test.

A tobacco plant carrying a mutant allele can be used in a plant breeding program to create novel and useful lines, varieties and hybrids. Desired plants that possess the mutation can be backcrossed or self-pollinated to create a second population to be screened. Backcrossing or other breeding procedures can be repeated until the desired phenotype of the recurrent parent is recovered. DNA fingerprinting, SNP or similar technologies may be used in a marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding program to transfer or breed mutant alleles into other tobaccos, as described herein.

In some embodiments, an M₁, M₂, M₃ or later generation tobacco plant containing at least one mutation is crossed with a second Nicotiana tabacum plant, and progeny of the cross are identified in which the mutation(s) is present. It will be appreciated that the second Nicotiana tabacum plant can be one of the species and varieties described herein. It will also be appreciated that the second Nicotiana tabacum plant can contain the same mutation as the plant to which it is crossed, a different mutation, or be wild type at the locus. Additionally or alternatively, a second tobacco line can exhibit a phenotypic trait such as, for example, disease resistance, high yield, high grade index, curability, curing quality, mechanical harvesting, holding ability, leaf quality, height, plant maturation (e.g., early maturing, early to medium maturing, medium maturing, medium to late maturing, or late maturing), stalk size (e.g., small, medium, or large), and/or leaf number per plant (e.g., a small (e.g., 5-10 leaves), medium (e.g., 11-15 leaves), or large (e.g., 16-21) number of leaves).

Cured Tobacco and Tobacco Products

The methods described herein allow for leaf constituents in a tobacco plant to be altered while still maintaining high leaf quality. As described herein, altering leaf constituents refers to reducing, in green or cured leaf, the amount of N-methylputrescine, one or more other intermediates in the biosynthesis of nicotine, or nicotine, or reducing, in cured leaf, the amount of one or more TSNAs. As described herein, such methods can include the production of transgenic plants (using, e.g., RNAi or overexpression) or mutagenesis (e.g., random or targeted).

Leaf quality can be determined, for example, using an Official Standard Grade published by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the US Department of Agriculture (7 U.S.C. § 511); Legacy Tobacco Document Library (Bates Document #523267826/7833, Jul. 1, 1988, Memorandum on the Proposed Burley Tobacco Grade Index); and Miller et al., 1990, Tobacco Intern., 192:55-7. For dark-fired tobacco, leaves typically are obtained from stalk position C, and the average grade index determined based on Federal Grade and 2004 Price Support for Type 23 Western dark-fired tobacco.

Leaf from the tobacco described herein can be cured, aged, conditioned, and/or fermented. Methods of curing tobacco are well known and include, for example, air curing, fire curing, flue curing and sun curing. Aging also is known and is typically carried out in a wooden drum (e.g., a hogshead) or cardboard cartons in compressed conditions for several years (e.g., 2 to 5 years), at a moisture content of from about 10% to about 25% (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,516,590 and 5,372,149). Conditioning includes, for example, a heating, sweating or pasteurization step as described in US 2004/0118422 or US 2005/0178398, while fermenting typically is characterized by high initial moisture content, heat generation, and a 10 to 20% loss of dry weight. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,528,993; 4,660,577; 4,848,373; and 5,372,149. The tobacco also can be further processed (e.g., cut, expanded, blended, milled or comminuted), if desired, and used in a tobacco product.

Tobacco products are known in the art and include any product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product. Representative tobacco products include, without limitation, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco products, tobacco-derived nicotine products, cigarillos, non-ventilated recess filter cigarettes, vented recess filter cigarettes, cigars, snuff, electronic cigarettes, e-vapor products, pipe tobacco, cigar tobacco, cigarette tobacco, chewing tobacco, leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, and cut tobacco. Representative smokeless tobacco products include, for example, chewing tobacco, snus, pouches, films, tablets, sticks, rods, and the like. Representative cigarettes and other smoking articles include, for example, smoking articles that include filter elements or rod elements, where the rod element of a smokeable material can include cured tobacco within a tobacco blend. In addition to the reduced-nicotine or reduced-TSNA tobacco described herein, tobacco products also can include other ingredients such as, without limitation, binders, plasticizers, stabilizers, and/or flavorings. See, for example, US 2005/0244521, US 2006/0191548, US 2012/0024301, US 2012/0031414, and US 2012/0031416 for examples of tobacco products.

In accordance with the present invention, there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, biochemical, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the methods and compositions of matter described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1—PMT Sequences

To develop low nicotine transgenic lines, a PMT RNAi expression vector is designed and transcribed in tobacco using the nucleic acid sequence of PMT3 (SEQ ID NO:7). The protein sequence of PMT3 is shown in SEQ ID NO:8. The cloning vector, pBK-CMV, was used for the construction of a RNAi vector containing a 500 bp sequence of PMT3 in the sense and antisense orientations (SEQ ID NOs:11 and 12, respectively). The two fragments are separated by a 660 bp tobacco Cax2 spacer sequence (SEQ ID NO:13). See FIG. 3.

PMT3 RNAi sense strand (SEQ ID NO: 11) ACCAACACAAATGGCTCTACTATCTTCAAGAATGGTGCCATTCCCATGA ACGGTTACCAGAATGGCACTTCCAAACACCAAAACGGCCACCAGAATGG CACTTCCGAACATCGGAACGGCCACCAGAATGGGATTTCCGAACACCAA AACGGCCACCAGAATGGCACTTCCGAGCATCAGAACGGCCATCAGAATG GGACAATCAGCCATGACAACGGCAACGAGCTACAGCTACTGGGAAGCTC CAACTCTATTAAGCCTGGTTGGTTTTCAGAGTTTAGCGCATTATGGCCA GGTGAAGCATTCTCACTTAAGGTTGAGAAGTTACTATTCCAGGGGAAGT CTGATTACCAAGATGTCATGCTCTTTGAGTCAGCAACATATGGGAAGGT TCTGACTTTGGATGGAGCAATTCAACACACAGAGAATGGTGGATTTCCA TACACTGAAATGATTGTTCATCTTCCACTTGGTTCCATCCCAAACCCTA AAAAGGTTTT PMT3 RNAi antisense strand (SEQ ID NO: 12) AAAACCTTTTTAGGGTTTGGGATGGAACCAAGTGGAAGATGAACAATCA TTTCAGTGTATGGAAATCCACCATTCTCTGTGTGTTGAATTGCTCCATC CAAAGTCAGAACCTTCCCATATGTTGCTGACTCAAAGAGCATGACATCT TGGTAATCAGACTTCCCCTGGAATAGTAACTTCTCAACCTTAAGTGAGA ATGCTTCACCTGGCCATAATGCGCTAAACTCTGAAAACCAACCAGGCTT AATAGAGTTGGAGCTTCCCAGTAGCTGTAGCTCGTTGCCGTTGTCATGG CTGATTGTCCCATTCTGATGGCCGTTCTGATGCTCGGAAGTGCCATTCT GGTGGCCGTTTTGGTGTTCGGAAATCCCATTCTGGTGGCCGTTCCGATG TTCGGAAGTGCCATTCTGGTGGCCGTTTTGGTGTTTGGAAGTGCCATTC TGGTAACCGTTCATGGGAATGGCACCATTCTTGAAGATAGTAGAGCCAT TTGTGTTGGT Cax sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) GAATTCGGTGAGTTCCCCCCTCCTCCCCTTTCACTTTTGTTTGTTGGTT TCTAAGTGCTCTTTCAATTTAGAGGTTGATGTTGGGAAATAATTAAACA ATACTCTTGTTTTCTAAAATTTCTTGAAAACTACAATGTCTATAGAGGC AATATATTTGCTTCTAAACGTTGACGGTTTTGCAAGTCTTGCGGAGGAG CTTTGATCCAGTGTTAAAGAAATATATCATGTCTCTTATTCATCCTCCC TTTCTTTCCTTTGTGTTTTGCTTCACTCCTGGGGTTTCAACTTTTTTCT TTCCGTTTAACCTTTCCTTTTTTCTGCAGGATGGAACTTCAAATTACTT TAAAGGACTGATGCTCCTTCTCTGCTATTGATAGTTGCTGCAAGTTTCT TTGTGCATATAGATCCAGAGTCTATACGTAAGTTGTGTTTCTTTTTCGT GAAATTACCATATGACATTGACAGCTCCTGGTCTTCGTTTTATTTATTC TTTTGGTGTTCCTTTTAACCGATAACATCTGTTATTATTTCACTGTTAC ACTAATCTGCTTTGCTTATGGTCAGTCAGTTTAGCATTAGATTAGATAA CCAGTTAACCATTTTGGGTCTCGTTAACGTAATATTGTATTGATAACTA CCTTATCATATATATATCTCTGTTTTAGTGAATTC

Example 2—Generating a PMT Interfering RNAi

The 660 bp Cax2 sequence from BAC 57 intron 9 (SEQ ID NO:13) is cloned directly into pBK-CMK at the EcoRI site. XbaI and HindIII sites are added to the 5′ and 3′ ends of a 500 bp sense-orientated PMT by means of PCR with primers harboring these restriction enzyme sites.

PMG546F: (SEQ ID NO: 14) ATTCTAGACCAACACAAATGGCTCTAC PMG 546R: (SEQ ID NO: 15) ATAAGCTTAAAACCTTTTTAGGGTTTGG

Similarly, BamHI and Sad sites are created at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the corresponding PMT antisense fragment by PCR with primers harboring these restriction enzyme sites to produce PBK-CMV-PMT RNAi plasmid.

PMG 547F: (SEQ ID NO: 16) ATGAGCTCACCAACACAAATGGCTCTAC PMG 547R: (SEQ ID NO: 17) ATGGATCCAAAACCTTTTTAGGGTTTGG)

Example 3—Generating a PMT Interfering RNAi Expression Construct

To create a plant expression vector capable of mediating the constitutive transcription of PMT RNAi, the beta-glucuronidase open reading frame of the binary expression vector, pBI121 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.), is excised and replaced with the 500 bp XbaI-HindIII PMT sense fragment, the 660 bp Cax2 spacer sequence cloned at the EcoRI site, and the 500 bp BamHI-Sad PMT antisense fragment by cloning into the XbaI/SacI sites of PBI121 to produce a plasmid designated PBI121-PMT RNAi. See FIG. 3.

Example 4—Production of Transgenic Plants

TN90 and K326 cultivars are transformed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and selected for kanamycin resistance. First generation transformants that are kanamycin-resistant are propagated in the greenhouse. At the flowering stage, plants are topped. Two weeks post-topping, the 3rd and 4th leaf from the top are collected, freeze-dried and the alkaloids are analyzed using GCMS. Relative to controls, PMT RNAi lines show significant reduction in nicotine content (Table 1). Two years of field study of selected transgenic lines and a control also show reduced nicotine content (Table 2).

TABLE 1 T0 generation of PMT RNAi transgenic plants Variety Plant ID Nicotine Nornicotine Anabasine Anatabine Total Alkaloids K326 07T539 0.205 0.0657 0.0359 1.02 1.327 07T541 0.213 0.0566 0.033 0.782 1.085 07T545 0.216 0.0505 0.0286 0.65 0.945 07T548 0.214 0.0384 0.027 0.56 0.839 07T318 0.207 0.0349 0.0187 0.412 0.673 07T331 0.216 0.0346 0.0212 0.398 0.67 Control 1.53 0.0442 0.00746 0.0662 1.648 TN90 06T348 0.196 0.0519 0.035 0.887 1.17 06T347 0.202 0.0491 0.028 0.708 0.987 06TN2009 0.197 0.041 0.0295 0.685 0.953 06TN2083 0.193 0.0532 0.0276 0.575 0.849 06TN2051 0.202 0.0522 0.0222 0.554 0.83 06TN2010 0.213 0.0278 0.0205 0.528 0.789 Control 3.06 0.07132 0.00871 0.07378 3.215

TABLE 2 Alkaloid levels in T1 and T2 generation PMT RNAi transgenic plants Line Total Variety Generation ID Nicotine Nornicotine Anabasine Anatabine Alkaloids K326 T1 T841 0.201 ±  0.031 ± 0.0204 ± 0.319 ± 0.572 ± 0.008  0.009 0.0038 0.088  0.10 Control  2.73 ±  0.051 ±  0.009 ± 0.039 ±  2.83 ±  0.46  0.010 0.0016 0.007  0.47 T2 T841 >0.15 ± 0.0250 ± 0.0178 ± 0.371 ± 0.414 ±  0.0  0.008 0.0031 0.068  0.08 Control  2.5 ±  0.048 ±  0.008 ± 0.049 ±  2.61 ±  0.28  0.005 0.0012 0.006  0.29 TN90 T1 T841 0.209 ±  0.058 ±  0.033 ±  0.51 ± 0.809 ±  0.02  0.008  0.005 0.163  0.18 Control  4.95 ±  0.104 ±  0.014 ± 0.073 ±  5.14 ±  0.56  0.019  0.002 0.011  0.59 T2 T841 >0.15 ±  0.037 ±  0.032 ± 0.555 ± 0.635 ±  0.0  0.015  0.009 0.142  0.17 Control  4.12 ±  0.086 ± 0.0146 ± 0.105 ±  4.33 ±  0.45  0.012 0.0025 0.014  0.47

Example 5—Quality of Leaf from Transgenic Plants

To compare leaf quality in existing low alkaloid tobacco lines with leaf quality in PMT-silenced lines, plants from stable K326 PMT RNAi and TN90 PMT RNAi lines along with K326, TN 90, NC 95, LAFC 53 (Ling et al., 2012, PLoS One, 7(4):e35688; referred to therein as “low pyridine alkaloid” plants (nic1nic²/aabb genotype)), B&W Low Nic, Burley 21 (Heggestad et al., 1960, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 321; described therein as having reduced nicotine and nornicotine levels (nic1nic2 genotype)), HI Burley 21 or LI Burley 21 (Nielsen et al., 1988, Crop Science, 28:206; described therein as having intermediate levels of total alkaloids), and LA Burley 21 (Legg et al., 1970, Crop Science, 10:212; described therein as having “extremely low alkaloid content”) are grown in 1 plot rows with 3 replications. All plants are topped at maturity, cured, and leaf samples are collected for evaluation. As demonstrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, K326 PMT RNAi and TN90 PMT RNAi lines show significantly better leaf quality compared to the other low alkaloid lines.

In addition, plants from stable TN 90 LC PMT RNAi transgenic lines along with Burley 21, LA Burley 21 and TN 90 LC (“Low converter” of nicotine to nornicotine) are grown in plots in the presence of no added nitrogen (0 N), or in the presence of 90 kg/ha nitrogen (90 N) or 180 kg/ha nitrogen (180 N). Plants are topped at maturity or not, as indicated (“Topped” or “Untopped”), and leaf samples are collected after curing for evaluation. FIG. 8 shows that the TN 90 LC PMT RNAi lines exhibit a significant reduction in the amount of nicotine (%) relative to the non-transgenic plants, and also shows that the amount of nicotine in the TN 90 LC PMT RNAi lines is reduced to a level that is comparable with the LA BU 21 variety, a mutant that exhibits extremely low alkaloid content (Legg et al., 1970, Crop Science, 10:212). FIG. 9 shows that TN 90 LC PMT RNAi lines exhibit about the same yield as the LA BU 21 variety but exhibits a better leaf quality grade.

Example 6—Random Mutagenesis

A novel genetic variation in a population of tobacco plants is created to identify plants for low alkaloids. To induce random mutation, approximately 10,000 seeds of the selected tobacco variety are treated with 0.5% ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS; M1 seed), germinated and propagated (into M1 plants). M2 seeds from self-pollinated M1 plants are collected. A composite of M2 seed is grown and leaves from M2 plants are collected and the DNA extracted. Each of the five PMT sequences are amplified and sequenced, and then analyzed for mutations.

Example 7—Targeted Mutagenesis Using TALENs

Transcription activator like (TAL) effector protein sequences for the five PMT genes are designed to target either individual PMTs or all five PMTs (Table 3). The TALs are synthesized and cloned into a plant expression vector (Life Technologies, Inc.) to serve as entry vectors. Depending on the intention, three different protocols are used to generate mutagenic tobacco lines: a) one or more entry vectors containing the target TALs are directly transformed into tobacco protoplasts to generate random sequence deletion or insertion mutagenic tobacco lines; b) a donor sequence (e.g., a reporter gene such as, without limitation, the GUS gene) flanked on the left and right side with sequences that are homologous to the target insertion sequence is co-transformed into tobacco protoplasts with one or more entry vectors to generate mutagenic tobacco lines containing a target sequence interrupted by the donor sequence; or c) a donor sequence containing target TALs containing a point mutation is co-transformed into tobacco protoplasts with one or more entry vectors to generate tobacco lines having a point mutation within the target sequence.

TABLE 3 TALEN Sequences TALEN Target SEQ ID Name Gene Location* Target Sequence NO: TALen1A All 5 392....448 T GAAATGATTGTTCATCTACC acttggttccatccc 18 PMTs (PMT1a) AAACCCAAAAAAGGTTTTG A TALen1B All 5 838...893 T AAATCCAATTGACAAAGA gacaactcaagtcaa 19 PMTs (PMT1a) GTCCAAATTAGGACCTCTCA A TALen- PMT1a 62....121 T GAACGGCCACCAAAATGG cacttctgaacacct 20 PMT1a CAACGGCTACCAGAATGGC A TALen- PMT2 57...115 T CCCATGAATGGCCACCATAA tggcacttccaaacacca 21 PMT2 AAACGGCCACAAGAATGGG A TALen- PMT3 242...290 T ACAGCTACTGGGAAG ctccaactctattaa 22 PMT3 GCCTGGTTGGTTTTCAG A TALen- PMT4 250...308 T CCGAACACCAAAACGGCCAC cagaatgggacttccg 23 PMT4 AACACCAAAACGGCCACCAG A *Locations are shown in FIG. 5

Example 8—Agronomic Practices on Nicotine Reduction

The impact of agronomic practices was examined on the percent nicotine reduction in the flue cured lines, NC95, LAFC 53 (a nic1/nic2 mutant), K326 wild type, and K326 PMT RNAi (a line transgenic for a PMT RNAi). FIG. 10 shows that the K326 PMT RNAi lines exhibited a significant reduction in the amount of nicotine (%) relative to the non-transgenic plants. FIG. 10 also shows that the amount of nicotine in the K326 PMT RNAi lines was reduced to a level comparable to LAFC 53, a mutant line that exhibits extremely low alkaloid content.

The yield and leaf quality was examined in the flue cured lines, LAFC 53, K326 PMT-RNAi, and K326. FIG. 11 shows that the K326 PMT RNAi lines exhibited a yield and leaf quality that was similar to the control variety, K326, but exhibited better yield and leaf quality compared to the nic1/nic2 mutant line, LAFC53.

Table 4 shows the alkaloid levels in T1 and T2 generations of K326 PMT RNAi transgenic plants compared to control TN90 plants.

TABLE 4 Alkaloid levels in T1 and T2 generation PMT RNAi transgenic plants Line Total Variety Generation ID Nicotine Nornicotine Anabasine Anatabine Alkaloids K326 T1 T841 0.201 ±  0.031 ± 0.0204 ± 0.319 ± 0.572 ± PMT 0.008  0.009 0.0038 0.088  0.10 RNAi Control  2.73 ±  0.051 ±  0.009 ± 0.039 ±  2.83 ±  0.46  0.010 0.0016 0.007  0.47 T2 T841 >0.15 ± 0.0250 ± 0.0178 ± 0.371 ± 0.414 ±  0.0  0.008 0.0031 0.068  0.08 Control  2.5 ±  0.048 ±  0.008 ± 0.049 ±  2.61 ±  0.28  0.005 0.0012 0.006  0.29 TN90 T1 T681 0.209 ±  0.058 ±  0.033 ±  0.51 ± 0.809 ±  0.02  0.008  0.005 0.163  0.18 Control  4.95 ±  0.104 ±  0.014 ± 0.073 ±  5.14 ±  0.56  0.019  0.002 0.011  0.59 T2 T681 >0.15 ±  0.037 ±  0.032 ± 0.555 ± 0.635 ±  0.0  0.015  0.009 0.142  0.17 Control  4.12 ±  0.086 ± 0.0146 ± 0.105 ±  4.33 ±  0.45  0.012 0.0025 0.014  0.47

It is to be understood that, while the methods and compositions of matter have been described herein in conjunction with a number of different aspects, the foregoing description of the various aspects is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the methods and compositions of matter. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Disclosed are methods and compositions that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these methods and compositions are disclosed. That is, while specific reference to each various individual and collective combinations and permutations of these compositions and methods may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular composition of matter or a particular method is disclosed and discussed and a number of compositions or methods are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the compositions and the methods are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. 

1.-25. (canceled)
 26. A tobacco plant comprising: (a) a first induced mutation in a first endogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a putrescine N-methyltransferase 1a (PMT1a) protein; (b) a second induced mutation in a second endogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a PMT1b protein; (c) a third induced mutation in a third endogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a PMT2 protein; (d) a fourth induced mutation in a fourth endogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a PMT3 protein; and (e) a fifth induced mutation in a fifth endogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a PMT4 protein, wherein the tobacco plant is a Nicotiana tabacum plant.
 27. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein: (a) one wild-type allele of the first endogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2; (b) one wild-type allele of the second endogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 4; (c) one wild-type allele of the third endogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) one wild-type allele of the fourth endogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 8; and (e) one wild-type allele of the fifth endogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:
 10. 28. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein: (a) the first endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) the second endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3; (c) the third endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5; (d) the fourth endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7; and (e) the fifth endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 9. 29. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein: (a) the first endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) the second endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3; (c) the third endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5; (d) the fourth endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7; and (e) the fifth endogenous nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 9. 30. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein each of the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation comprise a mutation individually selected from the group consisting of an insertion, a deletion, and a substitution.
 31. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the tobacco plant comprises reduced expression or activity of each of the PMT1a, PMT1b, PMT2, PMT3, and PMT4 proteins as compared to a control tobacco plant lacking the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation.
 32. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the tobacco plant comprises a reduced amount of N-methylputrescine as compared to a control tobacco plant lacking the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation.
 33. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein at least one of the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation is within a methyltransferase domain.
 34. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein at least one of the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation results in a truncated protein.
 35. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein at least one oft the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation results in a premature stop codon.
 36. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein at least one of the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation results in a non-conserved amino acid substitution.
 37. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the tobacco plant comprises a reduced amount of nicotine as compared to a control tobacco plant lacking t the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation.
 38. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the tobacco plant is of a type selected from the group consisting of a Burley type, a dark type, a flue-cured type, and an Oriental type.
 39. The tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the tobacco plant is of a tobacco variety selected from the group consisting of BU 64, CC 101, CC 200, CC 13, CC 27, CC 33, CC 35, CC 37, CC 65, CC 67, CC 301, CC 400, CC 500, CC 600, CC 700, CC 800, CC 900, CC 1063, Coker 176, Coker 319, Coker 371 Gold, Coker 48, CU 263, DF911, GL 26H, GL 338, GL 350, GL 395, GL 600, GL 737, GL 939, GL 973, GF 157, GF 318, RJR 901, HB 04P, K 149, K 326, K 346, K 358, K394, K 399, K 730, NC 196, NC 37NF, NC 471, NC 55, NC 92, NC2326, NC 95, NC 925, PVH 1118, PVH 1452, PVH 2110, PVH 2254, PVH 2275, VA 116, VA 119, KDH 959, KT 200, KT204LC, KY 10, KY 14, KY 160, KY 17, KY 171, KY 907, KY907LC, KTY14×L8 LC, Little Crittenden, McNair 373, McNair 944, msKY 14×L8, Narrow Leaf Madole, NC 100, NC 102, NC 2000, NC 291, NC 297, NC 299, NC 3, NC 4, NC 5, NC 6, NC7, NC 606, NC 71, NC 72, NC 810, NC BH 129, NC 2002, Neal Smith Madole, OXFORD 207, Perique tobacco, PVH03, PVH09, PVH19, PVH50, PVH51, R 610, R 630, R 7-11, R 7-12, RG 17, RG 81, RG H51, RGH 4, RGH 51, RS 1410, Speight 168, Speight 172, Speight 179, Speight 210, Speight 220, Speight 225, Speight 227, Speight 234, Speight G-28, Speight G-70, Speight H-6, Speight H20, Speight NF3, TI 1406, TI 1269, TN 86, TN86LC, TN 90, TN90LC, TN 97, TN97LC, TN D94, TN 5 D950, TR (Tom Rosson) Madole, VA 309, and VA359.
 40. A tobacco product comprising cured tobacco material from the tobacco plant of claim
 26. 41. The tobacco product of claim 40, wherein the tobacco product is selected from the group consisting of a cigarette, a cigarillo, a non-ventilated recess filter cigarette, a vented recess filter cigarette, a cigar, snuff, pipe tobacco, cigar tobacco, cigarette tobacco, chewing tobacco, leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, cut tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snus.
 42. The tobacco product of claim 40, wherein the cured tobacco material comprises cured leaf material.
 43. The tobacco product of claim 40, wherein the tobacco product further comprises aged, conditioned, or fermented tobacco material.
 44. The tobacco product of claim 40, wherein the tobacco product comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of a binder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, and a flavoring.
 45. A seed of the tobacco plant of claim 26, wherein the seed comprises the first induced mutation, the second induced mutation, the third induced mutation, the fourth induced mutation, and the fifth induced mutation. 